In Which Species Of Animal Does Sebum Eventually Become Lanolin

Yellow waxy substance secreted past the sebaceous glands of wool-bearing animals

Wool fatty can (adeps lanae), at the Middle touristique de la Laine et de la Mode in Verviers, Belgium

Lanolin (from Latin lāna 'wool', and oleum 'oil'), also called wool yolk, wool wax, or wool grease, is a wax secreted by the sebaceous glands of wool-bearing animals.^[1] Lanolin used by humans comes from domestic sheep breeds that are raised specifically for their wool. Historically, many pharmacopoeias take referred to lanolin as wool fat (adeps lanae); however, as lanolin lacks glycerides (glycerol esters), information technology is not a true fat.^[two] ^[3] Lanolin primarily consists of sterol esters instead.^[4] Lanolin's waterproofing property aids sheep in shedding water from their coats. Certain breeds of sheep produce big amounts of lanolin.

Lanolin's office in nature is to protect wool and skin from climate and the surround; information technology also plays a part in skin (integumental) hygiene.^[ii] Lanolin and its derivatives are used in the protection, treatment and beautification of human peel.^[2]

Composition [edit]

A typical high-purity grade of lanolin is composed predominantly of long concatenation waxy esters (approximately 97% by weight) with the balance being lanolin alcohols, lanolin acids and lanolin hydrocarbons.^[ii]

An estimated 8,000 to twenty,000 different types of lanolin esters are present in lanolin, resulting from combinations between the 200 or and so different lanolin acids and the 100 or so different lanolin alcohols identified and then far.^[two] ^[3]

Lanolin's circuitous composition of long-concatenation esters, hydroxyesters, diesters, lanolin alcohols, and lanolin acids ways in addition to it beingness a valuable product in its ain right, it is also the starting point for the product of a whole spectrum of lanolin derivatives, which possess broad-ranging chemical and physical properties. The main derivatisation routes include hydrolysis, fractional solvent crystallisation, esterification, hydrogenation, alkoxylation and quaternisation.^[2] ^[3] ^[v] ^{[half dozen]} Lanolin derivatives obtained from these processes are used widely in both loftier-value cosmetics and skin treatment products.

Hydrolysis of lanolin yields lanolin alcohols and lanolin acids. Lanolin alcohols are a rich source of cholesterol (an important skin lipid) and are powerful water-in-oil emulsifiers; they have been used extensively in skincare products for over 100 years.^[2] Notably, approximately 40% of the acids derived from lanolin are blastoff-hydroxy acids (AHAs).^[2] ^[three] The utilise of AHAs in pare care products has attracted a great bargain of attention in recent years. Details of the AHAs isolated from lanolin can be seen in the table below.

Type of lanolic acid	Carbon chain length	Number identified
Alpha-hydroxy normal	C _thirteen –C ₂₄	12
Alpha-hydroxy iso	C ₁₃ –C ₂₃	6
Alpha-hydroxy anteiso	C ₁₂ –C ₂₄	7

Modern developments [edit]

In add-on to general purity requirements, lanolin must see official requirements for the permissible levels of pesticide residues. The 5th Supplement of the The states Pharmacopoeia XXII published in 1992 was the get-go to specify limits for 34 named pesticides. A full limit of forty ppm (i.east. 40 mg/kg) total pesticides was stipulated for lanolin of general use, with no private limit greater than 10 ppm.^[2]

A 2nd monograph as well introduced into the US Pharmacopoeia XXII in 1992 was entitled 'Modified Lanolin'. Lanolin conforming to this monograph is intended for utilize in more exacting applications, for case on open wounds. In this monograph, the limit of total pesticides was reduced to 3 ppm total pesticides, with no individual limit greater than i ppm.

In 2000, the European Pharmacopoeia introduced pesticide balance limits into its lanolin monograph. This requirement, which is generally regarded as the new quality standard, extends the list of pesticides to forty and imposes even lower concentration limits.

Some very high-purity grades of lanolin surpass monograph requirements. New products obtained using complex purification techniques produce lanolin esters in their natural state, removing oxidative and ecology impurities resulting in white, odourless, hypoallergenic lanolin. These ultra-loftier-purity grades of lanolin are ideally suited to the treatment of dermatological disorders such as eczema and on open wounds.^[seven]

Lanolin attracted attention owing to a misunderstanding apropos its sensitising potential.^[viii] A study carried out at New York University Hospital in the early 1950s had shown nearly 1% of patients with dermatological disorders were allergic to the lanolin being used at that time. By one estimate, this simple misunderstanding of failing to differentiate between the general healthy population and patients with dermatological disorders exaggerates the sensitising potential of lanolin by 5,000–6,000 times.^[eight] ^[9]

The European Cosmetics Directive, introduced in July 1976, contained a stipulation that cosmetics which contained lanolin should be labelled to that effect. This ruling was challenged immediately, and in the early 1980s, information technology was overturned and removed from the directive. Despite only being in force for a short period of time, this ruling did impairment both to the lanolin manufacture and to the reputation of lanolin in general.^[8] The Cosmetics Directive ruling only practical to the presence of lanolin in corrective products; it did non apply to the many hundreds of its different uses in dermatological products designed for the treatment of compromised skin conditions.

Modern belittling methods accept revealed lanolin possesses a number of important chemic and physical similarities to human stratum corneum lipids; the lipids which assistance regulate the charge per unit of h2o loss across the epidermis and govern the hydration state of the skin.^[2] ^[ten] ^[11]

Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy has shown that lanolin, like human stratum corneum lipids, consists of a mass of liquid crystalline material. Cross-polarised light microscopy has shown the multilamellar vesicles formed by lanolin are identical to those formed past homo stratum corneum lipids. The incorporation of spring water into the stratum corneum involves the formation of multilamellar vesicles.^[2] ^[xi]

Peel bioengineering studies accept shown the durational effect of the emollient (skin smoothing) action produced by lanolin is very pregnant and lasts for many hours. Lanolin applied to the skin at 2 mg/cmⁱⁱ has been shown to reduce roughness by virtually 35% afterward ane 60 minutes and 50% after 2 hours, with the overall effect lasting for considerably more than 8 hours.^[2] Lanolin is also known to grade semiocclusive (breathable) films on the skin.^[3] When applied daily at around 4 mg/cm² for five sequent days, the positive moisturising effects of lanolin were detectable until 72 hours after concluding awarding.^[ii] Lanolin may accomplish some of its moisturising effects past forming a secondary moisture reservoir within the skin.^[x] ^[11]

The bulwark repair backdrop of lanolin have been reported to be superior to those produced by both petrolatum and glycerol.^[2] In a small clinical study conducted on volunteer subjects with terribly dry (xerotic) easily, lanolin was shown to be superior to petrolatum in reducing the signs and symptoms of dryness and scaling, cracks and abrasions, and pain and itch. In another study, a loftier purity grade of lanolin was found to be significantly superior to petrolatum in assisting the healing of superficial wounds.

Applications [edit]

Lanolin and its many derivatives are used extensively in both the personal care (due east.g., high value cosmetics, facial cosmetics, lip products) and health care sectors such as topical liniments. Lanolin is also establish in lubricants, rust-preventive coatings, shoe polish, and other commercial products.^[12]

Lanolin is a relatively common allergen and is often misunderstood every bit a wool allergy. However, allergy to a lanolin-containing product is hard to pinpoint and frequently other products containing lanolin may exist fine for use. Patch testing can be washed if a lanolin allergy is suspected.^[12]

Information technology is often used in protective baby skin treatment and for sore nipples from breastfeeding.^[thirteen]

Lanolin is used commercially in many industrial products ranging from rustproof coatings to lubricants. Some sailors employ lanolin to create slippery surfaces on their propellers and stern gear to which barnacles cannot attach. Commercial products (e.g. Lanocote) containing up to 85% lanolin^[14] are used to prevent corrosion in marine fasteners, especially when two different metals are in contact with each other and saltwater. The h2o-repellent properties make information technology valuable in many applications as a lubricant grease where corrosion would otherwise exist a problem.

7-Dehydrocholesterol from lanolin is used as a raw material for producing vitamin D₃ by irradiation with ultraviolet light.^[15]

Baseball players oft utilise it to soften and break in their baseball gloves (shaving cream with lanolin is popularly used for this).

Anhydrous liquid lanolin, combined with parabens, has been used in trials as bogus tears to treat dry out center.^[16] ^[17]
Anhydrous lanolin is also used as a lubricant for brass instrument tuning slides.

Lanolin can likewise be restored to woollen garments to make them water and clay repellent, such as for cloth diaper covers.

Lanolin is also used in lip balm products such as Carmex. For some people, it tin can irritate the lips.

Lanolin is sometimes used by people on continuous positive airway pressure therapy to reduce irritation with masks, particular nasal pillow masks that can often create sore spots in the nostrils.

Lanolin is a popular additive to moustache wax, peculiarly 'actress-firm' varieties.

Lanolin is used as a main lubricating component in aerosol-based brass lubricants in the ammunition reloading procedure. Mixed warm 1:12 with highly concentrated ethanol (usually 99%), the ethanol acts every bit a carrier which evaporates speedily afterward awarding, leaving a fine moving picture of lanolin backside to prevent contumely seizing in resizing dies.

Lanolin, when mixed with ingredients such as neatsfoot oil, beeswax and glycerol, is used in various leather treatments, for example in some saddle soaps and in leather care products.

Production [edit]

Crude lanolin constitutes nigh 5–25% of the weight of freshly shorn wool. The wool from 1 Merino sheep will produce most 250–300 ml of recoverable wool grease. Lanolin is extracted by washing the wool in hot water with a special wool scouring detergent to remove dirt, wool grease (rough lanolin), suint (sweat salts), and anything else stuck to the wool. The wool grease is continuously removed during this washing process by centrifuge separators, which concentrate it into a waxlike substance melting at approximately 38 °C (100 °F).^[xviii]

References [edit]

^ Malmstrom, Ivar (1949). "Technological aspects of lanolin". Periodical of Cosmetic Science. 1 (4). Archived from the original on four November 2021. Retrieved 4 Nov 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^k ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ⁵⁰ ^m ^north Hoppe, Udo, ed. (1999). The Lanolin Book. Hamburg: Beiersdorf. ISBN9783931146054.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Barnett, Yard. (1986). "Lanolin and Derivatives". Cosmetics & Toiletries. 101: 21–44. ISSN 0361-4387.
^ Riemenschneider, W.; Bolt, H. K. "Esters, Organic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a09_565.pub2.
^ "Quaternise". Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2011. quaternise: to convert (as an amine) into a quaternary compound
^ "Alkoxylation". BASF. Archived from the original on 16 Jan 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2011. Reaction of ammonia or amines with ethylene oxide or propylene oxide to produce aminoalcohols. The process is besides adjustable to produce specialty aminoalcohols from other epoxides.
^ Arden Jones, M. R.; Steel, I.; Powell, S. Thousand. (July 2002). "British Contact Dermatitis Group: Summaries of Papers". British Journal of Dermatology. 147 (Suppl. 62): 71. doi:x.1046/j.1365-2133.147.s62.nineteen.10.
^ ^a ^b ^c Steel, I. (1994). "Lanolin Allergy: Hype or Hypersensitivity?". Periodical of the National Eczema Society (Exchange) (75): 16–17.
^ Steel, I.; White, I. R.; Beck, Thou. H. (1995). Dilemmas in Lanolin Sensitivity. 10th International Symposium on Contact Dermatitis. Nagoya.
^ ^a ^b Clark, E. Due west.; Steel, I. (1993). Poster No. ii (Study). Washington, DC: American University of Dermatology.
^ ^a ^b ^c Clark, E. Due west.; Steel, I. (1993). "Investigations into biomechanisms of the moisturizing office of lanolin" (PDF). Journal of the Society of Corrective Chemists. 44 (4): 181–195. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
^ ^a ^b Zirwas, Yard. J.; Stechschulte, Due south. A. (2008). "Moisturizer allergy: Diagnosis and management". Periodical of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology. one (four): 38–44. PMC3016930. PMID 21212847.
^ "HPA® Lanolin Cream". lansinoh.com. Archived from the original on four April 2015. Retrieved 1 Dec 2014.
^ "MSDS for Lanocote" (PDF). www.forespar.com/products/boat-lubricant-lanocote.shtml. Archived (PDF) from the original on xviii May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
^ Holick, Chiliad. F (2007). "Vitamin D deficiency". New England Periodical of Medicine. 357 (3): 266–81. doi:10.1056/NEJMra070553. PMID 17634462.
^ Wang, I. J.; Lin, I. C.; Hou, Y. C.; Hu, F. R. (2007). "A comparison of the event of carbomer-, cellulose- and mineral oil-based artificial tear formulations". European Journal of Ophthalmology. 17 (ii): 151–159. doi:10.1177/112067210701700202. PMID 17415686. S2CID 36508740.
^ Crease, A. D.; Ng, Due south. M.; Nichols, J. J. (2016). "Over the counter (OTC) artificial tear drops for dry heart syndrome". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (2): CD009729. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009729.pub2. PMC5045033. PMID 26905373.
^ Sengupta, Amit; Behera (2014). "Comprehensive view on chemistry, manufacturing & applications of lanolin extracted from wool pretreatment,also used in vitamins" (PDF). American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER). iii (7): 33–43. Archived (PDF) from the original on thirteen July 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2018.